Anson Northrup:
- First steamboat to sail down the Red River
- Sailed from Fort Abercrombie to Fort Garry
Bartering:
- Trading items for other items without exchanging money
Belcourt, Father George:
- Established the first flour mill in North Dakota
- Brought the first church bell to North Dakota
- The town of Belcourt is named after him
Bonza, Mrs. Pierre:
- Gave birth to the first non-Indian child born in North Dakota
Bottineau, Pierre:
- A Métis who worked at keeping peace between settlers and Indian tribes
- Nicknamed “The Walking Peace Pipe”
- Mapped the city of Wahpeton
- Bottineau County and the town of Bottineau are named after him
Caravan:
- Group traveling in a line
Cavaleer, Charles:
- Established the first permanent agricultural community in North Dakota
- Cavalier County and the town of Cavalier are named after him
Confluence:
- The place where two rivers join together
Decade:
- Ten years
Descendants:
- Grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc.
Downstream:
- With the current
Earl of Selkirk:
- Thomas Douglas
- Established the Selkirk Colony by bringing displaced Scottish farmers to the Red River Valley
Fort Garry:
- Present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba
- Located on the Red River north of Pembina
Fort Pembina:
- First permanent non-Indian settlement in North Dakota
49th Parallel:
- Boundary line between North Dakota (U.S.) and Canada
Fubbister, John:
- Hudson’s Bay Company agent who was a woman in disguise
- Real name was Isobel Gunn
Gingras, Antoine:
- Owned a chain of trading posts along the Red River
- His log house and store are preserved at Walhalla
- Briefly had a county named after him
Gunn, Isobel:
- Woman disguised as “John Fubbister”
- Worked as an agent for Hudson’s Bay Company
Henry, Alexander:
- Built first permanent trading post in North Dakota
Hudson’s Bay Company:
- British fur trading company headquartered in Canada
- Branched down into North Dakota
Kittson, Norman:
- Established the first post office in North Dakota
- The oldest building in North Dakota is Kittson’s trading post
Long, Major Stephen:
- Surveyor who located the 49th parallel
- Proved that Pembina was in the United States, not in Canada
Merged:
- Joined together
Métis:
- A person born of an Indian parent and a European (white) parent
- Means “mixed blood”
North West Company:
- French fur trading company headquartered in Canada
- Built first fur trading post in North Dakota
Northrup, Anson:
- Steamboat pilot who ran the first steamboat on the Red River
Ox:
- Full-grown bull that has been neutered
- Huge animal, stronger than a horse
- Plural is “oxen”
Pemmican:
- Healthful food made of dried meat mixed with fat and dried fruit
Red River cart:
- High, two-wheeled cart pulled by an ox or a horse
- Invented by Métis
- Could carry huge amounts of goods to major trade centers
- Also called “ox carts”
Rolette, Joe:
- Métis who organized the first caravan of Red River carts to St. Paul
- Nickname—“Jolly Joe”
- Town of Rolette is named after him
St. Paul:
- Trade center in Minnesota located about 400 miles southeast of Pembina
- Destination for Red River cart caravans
Selkirk Colony:
- First settlement in North Dakota that included women and children
- Located at Pembina
Semi-annual:
- Twice a year
Stockade:
- Wall built of tall posts set upright
- Often surrounded a fort
Upstream:
- Against the current